MCLC: Tibetan texts find home in China

[Denton, Kirk]

MCLC LIST
From: kirk (denton.2 at osu.edu)
Subject: Tibetan text find home in China
***********************************************************

Source: NYT (2/15/14):
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/world/asia/after-winding-odyssey-tibetan-
texts-find-home-in-china.html

After Winding Odyssey, Tibetan Texts Find Home in China
By ANDREW JACOBS 

CHENGDU, China — Decades ago, the thousands of Tibetan-language books now
ensconced in a lavishly decorated library in southwest China might have
ended up in a raging bonfire. During the tumultuous decade of the Cultural
Revolution, which ended in 1976, Red Guard zealots destroyed anything
deemed “feudal.” But an American scholar, galvanized in part by those
rampages, embarked on a mission to collect and preserve the remnants of
Tibetan culture.

The resulting trove of 12,000 works, many gathered from Tibetan refugees,
recently ended a decades-long odyssey that brought them to a new library
on the campus of the Southwest University for Nationalities here in
Chengdu.

Despite Beijing’s tight control of Tibetan scholarship, the collection’s
donor, E. Gene Smith, insisted that the books be shipped here from their
temporary home in New York, because as he told friends, “they came from
Asia, and Asia is where they belong.” Just to be safe, he created a backup
digital copy of every text.

A New Resource for Buddhist Scholars The Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center
opened its library, with 12,000 works, at the Southwest University for
Nationalities in Chengdu, China, in October. Archivists plan to scan the
texts digitally.

In October, after a long delay imposed by the project’s Chinese partners,
school officials here quietly opened the document preservation operation
alongside a huge library bearing Mr. Smith’s name.

“This is a gem that Gene thought should be shared with the whole world,”
said Greg Beier, chief fund-raiser for the Tibetan Buddhist Resource
Center <http://www.tbrc.org/>, the American organization that Mr. Smith
helped create.

The tale of how Mr. Smith, who died in 2010, amassed the world’s largest
private collection of Tibetan literature and then sought to return the
books to China, is just one strand of a story that traces the tempestuous
recent history of a people who remain in the throes of an existential
struggle. These days, though, it is the assimilationist policies favoring
China’s ethnic Han majority that are the cause for concern.

That the collection was first enthusiastically accepted by China and then
put on ice reflects Beijing’s conflicted attitude toward Tibetan culture,
which is a source of national pride but also unease, given the aspirations
many Tibetans hold for greater autonomy. In recent years those yearnings
have curdled into despair, prompting a wave of self-immolations in
predominantly Tibetan parts of the country.

Under ideal circumstances, the collection might have ended up in Lhasa,
the Tibetan capital, which is 1,200 miles from Chengdu, but government
policies that require a permit for non-Chinese visitors and onerous
restrictions on foreign journalists seeking to travel to the region would
have interfered with Mr. Smith’s goal of making the books freely available
to scholars from around the world.

He chose the Southwest University for Nationalities because it drew a
large number of ethnic Tibetans; while Chengdu’s population is
overwhelmingly Han, it also has a significant Tibetan community. The city
is also not far from traditionally Tibetan settlements to the north and
west that dot the mountains rising toward the Tibetan plateau.

As part of the arrangement, Mr. Smith’s institute, based in Cambridge,
Mass., provides salaries for the four archivists who spend their days
scanning and cataloging texts that can be read free online. They aim to
digitize the world’s known treasury of Tibetan literature within a decade.

As news of the center’s existence has spread across China, the keepers of
centuries-old books have flocked to the library with manuscripts that
scholars thought had been lost or destroyed. Many had been hidden by
Tibetan monks during the Cultural Revolution, when Buddhist monasteries,
religious statues and sacred texts were systematically destroyed.

In November, robed monks from the Dongkar Monastery in western Sichuan
arrived with a yellowing collection of 300-year-old texts that had never
been published. Scrawled in cinnabar and black ink, the manuscripts,
detailing the tantric rituals of Buddhist deities, were copies of
15th-century texts. The monks stayed for five weeks while archivists
scanned 6,000 pages, then returned home carrying their beloved texts and a
single CD-ROM of digital copies. They vowed to return with seven more
volumes.

Painted to resemble a lamasery, the library contains thousands of
travelogues, biographies and medical treatises that bear only a passing
resemblance to Western-style books. Most were printed using hand-carved
wood blocks, and their unbound pages are contained between boards, then
wrapped in brightly colored fabric.

The books are displayed horizontally behind glass doors, giving the
reading rooms the feel of a museum. The texts are a treasure-trove for
scholars seeking to trace the evolution of dharma, the teachings of the
Buddha, from the origins of Buddhism in India in the fifth century B.C. to
its flowering in Tibet, China and Mongolia.

Leonard van der Kuijp, a professor of Tibetan and Himalayan studies at
Harvard, said many of the newly discovered works were the only known
versions. He said recent finds had yielded forgotten details about a wife
of Kublai Khan, the 13th-century Mongolian ruler who founded the Yuan
dynasty in China, and the journeys of a 19th-century Tibetan statesman who
traveled from Lhasa to call on the Qing dynasty emperor in Beijing.

“There is a magical trajectory in many of these works, which fill the gaps
in Indian and Chinese intellectual history,” Professor van der Kuijp said.
“It’s like a larger mosaic with missing pieces that are slowly being
filled in.”

Mr. Smith, a lapsed Mormon from Utah who spoke 32 languages, spent much of
his life working for the Library of Congress. His interest in Tibetan
literature was aroused by an encounter with a Buddhist lama, Deshung
Rinpoche, who was among two dozen exiled Tibetans flown to the United
States by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1960, shortly after a failed
uprising in Lhasa prompted a fierce crackdown by Chinese troops.

After converting to Buddhism, Mr. Smith found his studies stymied by the
paucity of Tibetan texts. He moved to India and began a 25-year quest to
find Tibetan books, many of them smuggled out by refugees who had trekked
over the Himalayas.

Using money from an American government program, he printed thousands of
rare texts that were later distributed to libraries and scholars around
the world. Mr. Smith invariably kept one copy of each print run, forming a
collection that took over his Cambridge home and eventually filled two
trailers. In 2007, to the dismay of several American universities that
coveted the books, Mr. Smith bequeathed his collection to the Southwest
University for Nationalities. But a few months later, after deadly ethnic
rioting in Lhasa, university officials suspended the project.

Officials eventually opened the center, creating the nation’s pre-eminent
center for Tibetan literature. But they appear to be reluctant to promote
it. During a recent visit, Tibetan students complained that the doors of
the library were often locked, but they were thrilled about its existence.

“This is our culture; this is our heritage,” Puchor, a student who like
many Tibetans uses only one name, said after touring the library. “We need
to learn about our patrimony and then protect it for future generations.”