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There seems to be a lot of sensitivity on all sides in our politically correct times regarding the use of such terms. The use of "vermin" cited in two personal (and once deemed private) letters cited by Vara is in both instances obviously</div>
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<div dir="ltr"><div><br clear="all"></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large">There seems to be a lot of sensitivity on all sides in our politically correct times regarding the use of such terms. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large">The use of "vermin" cited in two personal (and once deemed private) letters cited by Vara is in both instances obviously jocular, as being consciously exaggerated and hyperbolic. But now, nothing is private, and part of the blame must attach to our own obsession as readers and critics with the biographical approach in reading major writers -- what the New Critics sternly called "the Biographical Fallacy." </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large">As for "coolie," when Peter Walsh recalls that he had in India invented a new plough and imported wheel-barrows from England, "but the coolies wouldn't use them" (<i>Mrs Dalloway</i>, Hogarth ed., rpt.1963, p. 55), he is narrating the episode fairly dispassionately, rueing the mismatch between his approach and theirs rather than blaming them entirely. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large">What is palpably inept about this passage is that the term "coolies" was/is never used in India for peasants or farm-labourers. They are in Hindi called <i>kisan</i>. Coolies in Hindi are load-bearing porters, casually hired for a specific task, often on railway platforms or steep hill roads. (See Mulk Raj Anand's novel <i>Coolie</i>, London 1936.) It's not Walsh who betrays ignorance here after over two decades in India but clearly Virginia Woolf. But such ignorance is a far less serious crime than knowingly offering insult or deprecation; it's not the same thing, really. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large">The word coolie in India, or abroad in the subaltern diaspora, connotes generally someone put to hard labour for little reward. Once, in controverting an essay by Susan Sontag titled "The World as India," I used the term "cyber-coolies" for underpaid backroom on-line workers in poorer countries employed by multinationals (<i>TLS</i> , letters, 13 June 2003). </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large">Best wishes.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:large">Harish </div><br></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><font size="4" face="monospace,monospace">Harish Trivedi</font> </div><div> </div><div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 14 Jul 2025 at 23:16, Neverow, Vara S. via Vwoolf <<a href="mailto:vwoolf@lists.osu.edu" target="_blank">vwoolf@lists.osu.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>
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The term "vermin" is applied to humans in two of Woolf's writings: 2263: To Quentin Bell 28th Oct. [1930]: “Ottoline is on the ramp; but I cant go—not to meet Italian novelists, because when she says they admire me, it means they are</div>
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The term "vermin" is applied to humans in two of Woolf's writings:</div>
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2263: To Quentin Bell 28th Oct. [1930]:</div>
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“Ottoline is on the ramp; but I cant go—not to meet Italian novelists, because when she says they admire me, it means they are cretinous,
<b>verminous</b> and lecherous. If you were here we would go together.”</div>
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3543: To V. Sackville-West 19th Aug: [1939]:</div>
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“I’m in a rage. That devil woman Giselle Freund calmly tells me she’s showing those d—d photographs—and I made it a condition she shouldn’t. Dont you think it damnable?—considering how they [Ocampo and Freund] filched and pilfered and gate crashed—<b>the treacherous
vermin</b>. Do give her a piece of your mind if you see her. I loathe being hoisted about on top of a stick for any one to stare at. Shall you send me a book to read soon?”</div>
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And...intriguingly (disturbingly?) but totally off topic (!) is that a certain type of lampshade is
<i>still</i> referred to as a “coolie" (the reference is to the hat worn by workers, not the workers themselves:
<a id="m_-5265423613580063129m_-5056546989080237737LPlnk532046" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_conical_hat__;!!KGKeukY!wNhivc5Zpm1yvZ9x9U8u_EWTZxvKHGMU7XhlK7fdaQ4XZBmQHVjQryr5gUPWePc4T5dcTpeXE4ZoPXaXZmsYXI-fb7wL$" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_conical_hat</a>).</div>
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Various versions of the "coolie" lampshade--with the term--can be viewed here:</div>
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<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.etsy.com/listing/1513832674/large-bloomsbury-lampshade-pink-and-blue__;!!KGKeukY!wNhivc5Zpm1yvZ9x9U8u_EWTZxvKHGMU7XhlK7fdaQ4XZBmQHVjQryr5gUPWePc4T5dcTpeXE4ZoPXaXZmsYXC6Q1I0w$" target="_blank">https://www.etsy.com/listing/1513832674/large-bloomsbury-lampshade-pink-and-blue</a></div>
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<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://royaldesignsinc.com/product/coolie-empire-lamp-shade/__;!!KGKeukY!wNhivc5Zpm1yvZ9x9U8u_EWTZxvKHGMU7XhlK7fdaQ4XZBmQHVjQryr5gUPWePc4T5dcTpeXE4ZoPXaXZmsYXFbHeGx6$" target="_blank">https://royaldesignsinc.com/product/coolie-empire-lamp-shade/</a></div>
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<a id="m_-5265423613580063129m_-5056546989080237737LPlnk667529" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://bibelothome.com/collections/coolie-lampshades__;!!KGKeukY!wNhivc5Zpm1yvZ9x9U8u_EWTZxvKHGMU7XhlK7fdaQ4XZBmQHVjQryr5gUPWePc4T5dcTpeXE4ZoPXaXZmsYXNfyNjj8$" target="_blank">https://bibelothome.com/collections/coolie-lampshades</a></div>
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Vara</div>
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<div style="direction:ltr">Vara Neverow</div>
<div style="direction:ltr;text-align:left">(she/her/hers)</div>
<div style="direction:ltr;text-align:left">Professor, English Department and Women’s and Gender Studies Program</div>
<div style="direction:ltr;text-align:left">Managing Editor, Virginia Woolf Miscellany </div>
<div style="direction:ltr">Southern Connecticut State University</div>
<div style="direction:ltr;text-align:left">New Haven, CT 06515</div>
<div style="direction:ltr">203-392-6717</div>
<div style="direction:ltr;text-align:left"><a href="mailto:neverowv1@southernct.edu" target="_blank">neverowv1@southernct.edu</a></div>
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<div style="direction:ltr;text-align:left">I acknowledge that Southern Connecticut State University was built on traditional territory of the indigenous peoples and nations of the Paugusett and Quinnepiac peoples.</div>
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<b>From:</b> Vwoolf <vwoolf-bounces+neverowv1=<a href="mailto:southernct.edu@lists.osu.edu" target="_blank">southernct.edu@lists.osu.edu</a>> on behalf of Sarah M. Hall via Vwoolf <<a href="mailto:vwoolf@lists.osu.edu" target="_blank">vwoolf@lists.osu.edu</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, July 14, 2025 1:09:15 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> vwoolf listerve <<a href="mailto:vwoolf@lists.osu.edu" target="_blank">vwoolf@lists.osu.edu</a>>; Mark Hussey <<a href="mailto:markh102@gmail.com" target="_blank">markh102@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Vwoolf] vermin</div>
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Thanks, Mark. It's very odd that these mistakes are made, especially nowadays when it's so easy to check.</div>
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In VW's works I can find one instance of 'vermin' being used in this kind of context; not about servants, but about the poor, and in a satirical reference to Gilbert White's attitude.</div>
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<b>White's Selborne</b><br>
Gilbert White is far less tender to the poor — “We abound with poor,” he writes, as if the vermin were beneath his notice — than to the grasshopper whom he lifts out of its hole so carefully and once inadvertently squeezed to death.</div>
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Elsewhere, Woolf uses 'vermin/ous' when referring to other people's points of view; occasionally, I'm afraid, as a personal insult; or about rats or fleas.</div>
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'Coolies' is used satirically in <i>Mrs D </i>and <i>The Waves</i>. I hope it won't offend anyone if I say that the term is pejorative now, but, Wikipedia suggests, originated from Hindi, Telugu, Urdu and Tamil words meaning simply 'day-labourer' or 'hireling'.
Then in the early 20th century it seems the British Raj started using it patronisingly and offensively, and eventually it turned into a racial slur. Like 'queer', though, it looks as though it's being reclaimed: 'A new Tamil movie titled
<i>Coolie </i>[...] is set to release in 2025.' <a id="m_-5265423613580063129m_-5056546989080237737OWA3110f3ea-e3f8-4e7a-64d4-39e49c391734" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie__;!!KGKeukY!2xl0rcaK99-3zAJHlkut9Us1aClMYfq6_KPVEEEN_un3GXqwnG9rldXocwDg_2Kxdk3IJ6rUYRKpaPYekUzwZRVZ$" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie</a></div>
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Sarah</div>
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Sarah M. Hall<br>
Executive Council<br>
Virginia Woolf Society of GB<br>
Web: <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://virginiawoolfsociety.org.uk__;!!KGKeukY!zJmf1frVCu40ECy8JrWEqyj-xAkP-efhzhh941j-sZekCTNFUB5lFgNrEp_vXO43lydgYrKRXtO9GiNqMefe8420tRuo$" target="_blank">virginiawoolfsociety.org.uk</a><br>
Facebook: @VWSGB<br>
Twitter/X: @VirginiaWoolfGB<br>
Instagram: @virginiawoolfsociety</div>
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On Monday, 14 July 2025 at 15:56:11 BST, Mark Hussey via Vwoolf <<a href="mailto:vwoolf@lists.osu.edu" target="_blank">vwoolf@lists.osu.edu</a>> wrote:</div>
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With so many Woolfians in the UK recently for the Sussex conference, some may have heard a programme on BBC Radio 4 ('Three Transformations of Virginia Woolf'). In the 2nd episode, broadcast on Tuesday July 8, Alison Light, speaking about Woolf's relations
with servants, said that she uses the word 'vermin' in connection with servants. This is no more true than Merve Emre's claim in her annotated
<i>Mrs Dalloway </i>that Woolf used the word "coolies" "liberally" in her diary (it's not used there at all). 'Vermin' and 'verminous' appear in a number of instances in Woolf's writing but not describing servants. Ever. This is how rumors start!</div>
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(My thanks to Marielle O'Neill for searching the online complete works before I could get back to my CD-Rom, where I confirmed the above!)</div>
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<a id="m_-5265423613580063129m_-5056546989080237737OWA80136ee2-0de7-5f07-2b73-682ae5b0876d" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.markhusseybooks.com__;!!KGKeukY!2ymZQeIbG6488AseqG0pIjm5zDHbS3qBM0jaaWaR3fEp2P46gpYm58JqJZcv_tZSd5LrpnAFTXSBaXemXDHv$" target="_blank">www.markhusseybooks.com</a></div>
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<i>Mrs Dalloway: Biography of a Novel </i>2025</div>
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<a id="m_-5265423613580063129m_-5056546989080237737OWA1bba74ca-7a1a-8422-7d9e-aaf3c2243bea" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526176813/__;!!KGKeukY!2ymZQeIbG6488AseqG0pIjm5zDHbS3qBM0jaaWaR3fEp2P46gpYm58JqJZcv_tZSd5LrpnAFTXSBaXvh3uQf$" target="_blank">https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526176813/</a></div>
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