<HTML><HEAD></HEAD>
<BODY dir=ltr>
<DIV dir=ltr>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000">
<DIV>“And if he says that he is fighting to protect England from foreign rule,
she will reflect that for her there are no 'foreigners', since by law she
becomes a foreigner if she marries a foreigner.” (“Three Guineas”)</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Over to Australia . . .</DIV>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>Bill, full name, Willy
Karl Arthur Shaufelberger, was born in Zurich, Switzerland, on 25 October 1902,
into a wealthy business family. We have no information on his early life
other than that he qualified in Zurich as an accountant, did his army service in
Switzerland and was enlisted in the reserves as a machine gunner. He came
to Australia in August 1925, apparently on the recommendation of a friend who
operated a sporting goods business. His first home in Australia was ... in
Melbourne. His passport listed his occupation as businessman and he had a
share in the friend’s sporting goods business but in this first period he also
worked as Secretary to the Swiss Consul and Nestle as an
accountant.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>While in Melbourne he
married Phyllis Jean Cattanach of South Yarra, whose father, AR Cattanach was
Principal of the Prahran Technical College and a leading figure and innovator in
the fields of adult and technical education. In April 1928, he and Phyllis
visited Switzerland for a year, probably associated with Bill’s involvement in
family business and after returning briefly to Australia, moved to England in
July 1930.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>They did not come back to
Australia until February 1934. We do not know anything about their time
away, except that it was longer than they wanted. Bill had not
previously arranged a re-entry permit and this had never been a problem before –
but the tighter conditions of the early thirties meant years of lobbying before
he and Phyllis could get back in. Phyllis was Australian-born and
had been an Australian citizen at the time of her marriage. However, under
the law of the time, she lost her Australian citizenship on marriage and was
also unable to return.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>Loss of citizenship by
women on their marriage was an issue of concern to many in the 1920s and
1930s. It was very common practice internationally for a woman to lose her
citizenship when marrying a foreigner. Sometimes, depending on local law,
this meant that she gained citizenship of her husband’s country but not
infrequently, the woman became stateless. At the instigation of activists
on the issue, it was discussed at a number of international forums. In
general, Australia’s approach before and immediately after the second world war
tended to be somewhat two-faced – voting for reform at international meetings
but leaving its own legislation unchanged.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>After the war, the
situation in Europe and potential loss of citizenship became a major issue for
women considering marrying men whose home countries were in a very bad situation
or under communist control. The fiancée of the Victorian state
representative, Edgar Mohl, faced a similar situation.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>Australia finally changed
the law to allow women marrying foreigners to retain citizenship in 1946 and in
1948 created full gender equality in the law.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545><FONT size=2>Bill and Phyllis
returned to Australia in 1934 but this time to Sydney.
<SPAN>...</SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FLOAT: none; COLOR: ; TEXT-ALIGN: left; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; DISPLAY: inline !important; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"><FONT
face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>Phyllis Schauffelberger died in 1937 and
Bill, probably for a combination of personal and business reasons, returned to
Europe between April and November 1938. Bill became a citizen in
1939. Foreign residents were not encouraged to take up citizenship as is
the case now and the process required Bill to place an advertisement in the
Sydney Morning Herald so that any objections could be recorded and he was vetted
by a team of two officials who interviewed referees. The elite
nature of the bridge world meant that Bill was not short of prominent
advocates. His main referees were the Parliamentary Draftsman, Edward
Cahalan and Hubert Millingen, a prominent businessman and husband of the
pioneering bridge author, player and teacher, Myra Millingen who had died in
1936. The officials’ final verdict was the Bill ‘seems a good sort’ and
his citizenship was approved.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>His immigration worries
were therefore over but his family and personal life continued to be something
of a window into the murky state of immigration requirements in the 1940s and
early 1950s. During his return to Europe after his first wife’s death, he
met Margaret (Greta) Schaffer in Vienna and in 1939, narrowly before the
beginning of war, brought her back to Australia. They married in July
1939. It is clear that Bill assumed that Greta automatically gained
citizenship by marrying him in the same way that she automatically lost her
German citizenship. However, the rules were that she was required to apply
and there was a small time window for the citizenship to be granted more or less
automatically because of marriage. Otherwise the normal lengthy process
applied. The fact that Greta was not a citizen was discovered only
later. Lobbying and legal intervention got a waiver of the requirements
but it was again a reminder of the fragile position of married
women.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>Bill’s history also
brought to light another little known aspect of Australia’s past immigration
policy. After the war, he also applied for an entry permit for Jeanette
Beer, a former Viennese who had been living in Switzerland since 1938.
Jeanette had secretarial qualifications and Bill guaranteed that he would employ
her and ensure that she was not a charge on the state after her arrival.
Normally, such an application would have a reasonable chance of success as
Australia had embarked on a massive immigration program. However, there
was a problem with Jeanette’s application – she was a Jew. It is not
widely known but from mid-1946, Australia had a quota for Jewish
immigrants. In any passenger ship bringing migrants, no more than
twenty-five per cent could be Jews. In 1948 the quota was extended to
planes. The definition used was a racial not religious one. The NSW
representative [bridge] player, John Makai, for example, came from a Hungarian
family with Jewish origins that had been Catholics for some
generations. However, when he tried to bring his brother over
after the war, he was classified as a Jew for quota purposes.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; ORPHANS: 2; WIDOWS: 2; MARGIN: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"
align=left><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#454545 size=2>There were a number of
other restrictions on Jewish immigration in the post- war period, driven in
large part by Government concern that public opposition to Jewish immigration
would bring down its broader immigration reform of bringing in large numbers of
non-English speakers and displaced persons from Europe, which was already
treading on thin ice in terms of public acceptance. In Jeanette’s case, it was
noted that she was a refugee from Austria, the current and future status of
which was still very uncertain, being then under Soviet occupation. It was
agreed that processing of her application would be deferred until peace treaties
had been completed that would clarify whether Austria had obligations to take
back its Jewish refugees from the Nazi era. There is no record of the
application ever being processed again.</FONT></FONT></P>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Bridge players may like to look at the whole memorial article:</DIV>
<DIV>ht<a title="tps://www.abf.com.au/about-abf/biographies/bill-schaufelberger/" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.abf.com.au/about-abf/biographies/bill-schaufelberger/__;!!KGKeukY!lcXuxJ3KvMM_kS0_PFRZD9voVnfjAan1Na6CdUmLuXD9FopQi5ZSQSmjzhrUoaCijJs$">tps://www.abf.com.au/about-abf/biographies/bill-schaufelberger/</A></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Stuart</DIV></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>