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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Tahoma;color: #000000;font-size: 10pt;">Here is Wikipedia on trams in London. The idea of a steam-powered tram is pretty frightening!<br>
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Jeremy H<br>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_London" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_London</a><br>
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<div style="direction: ltr;" id="divRpF716955"><font color="#000000" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b> vwoolf-bounces@lists.service.ohio-state.edu [vwoolf-bounces@lists.service.ohio-state.edu] on behalf of Danell Jones [danelljones@bresnan.net]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 14 September 2013 16:48<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Stuart N. Clarke'; vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Vwoolf] More omnibuses<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Thanks, Stuart. I just love all this.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">One additional reflection on the middle-class people on the omnibus. B.S. Rowntree’s
<i>Poverty, A Study of Town Life</i>, (in which he studied poverty in York) observed that poor people who were living at “merely physical efficiency…must never spend a penny on railway fare or omnibus” (qtd in
<i>Documents from Edwardian England</i>, 203). Rowntree’s study of York & Booth’s study of London suggested that nearly 30% of Edwardians lived in poverty.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Also, and I’m not entirely sure of this, I believe the “new” electric trams at the beginning of the century were faster & cheaper than the buses. They ran
from the suburbs bringing workers into town & along the Embankment, but somehow I don’t think they were in Central London. (But perhaps someone can correct me there.)</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">In May, Tim & I went to the London Transport Museum for the first time. It’s wonderful! You can actually sit in some Victorian omnibuses and early Tube
trains. Wonderful!</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Danell</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:windowtext">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:windowtext"> vwoolf-bounces@lists.service.ohio-state.edu [mailto:vwoolf-bounces@lists.service.ohio-state.edu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Stuart N. Clarke<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, September 14, 2013 5:07 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Vwoolf] More omnibuses</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A Polish translator of “The Waves” keeps asking us questions. Some answers are pretty obvious, some require thinking about, but some are mysterious to a greater or lesser extent. E.g.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB">“I like to be with
<span style="background:yellow">people who twist herbs”</span></span><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; background:yellow" lang="EN-GB">Isa does the same sort of thing in ”Between the Acts”:
</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">“ I pluck the bitter herb by the ruined wall, the churchyard wall, and press its sour, its sweet, its sour, long grey leaf, so, twixt thumb and finger. . . .”</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">However, the phrase “twist herbs” is not familiar to me. But it’s caught someone’s imagination!</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://thegenealogyofstyle.wordpress.com/2013/07/19/those-who-twist-herbs" target="_blank">http://thegenealogyofstyle.wordpress.com/2013/07/19/those-who-twist-herbs</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">So, I don’t feel too bad about puzzling over the following for several hours over a number of years. Clarissa is in Bond St and observes:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">“The British middle classes sitting sideways on the tops of omnibuses with parcels and umbrellas, yes, even furs on a day like this ...”</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Firstly, why does she only see middle-class people on the tops of omnibuses. Is she blind to the lower classes? Did the lower classes tend to travel downstairs and the middle classes upstairs?
I don’t think so. Perhaps it’s because it’s the middle of a weekday morning in Mayfair: why would the working classes be on such a bus? Of course, there’s Edgar J. Watkiss, but he’s obviously a workman, walking along the street “with his roll of lead piping
round his arm”. Was price relevant? Bus and tube fares increased by 40% on 26 Sep 1920 to 1½d. for up to 1 mile, 2d. for 1½ miles, and 1d. per mile thereafter (Baker, p. 57). Elizabeth’s journey is about 3 miles: “she would like to go a little further.
Another penny was it to the Strand? Here was another penny then. She would go up the Strand.”</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Secondly, what puzzles me even more is “sitting sideways”. (a) What does this mean? (b) Even if we know what it means, what is the significance of “sideways”? Why even mention it?</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Background: In the first half of the 1920s in the centre of London, almost all buses were double-decker with open tops and open staircases. (There were single-deckers farther out, but they
had roofs; otherwise, I suppose they would have been like charabancs.) The driver was in the open air and had no protection from the elements, not even a windscreen.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">While there was quite a variety of vehicles (see earlier email), the majority fell into two types:
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The B: downstairs passengers sat lengthways with their backs to the windows.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://www.doubledecker-bus.com/2009/11/b-type" target="_blank">http://www.doubledecker-bus.com/2009/11/b-type</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGOC_B-type" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGOC_B-type" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGOC_B-type</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The K (also the S-type): downstairs passengers sat on “transverse seats, two by two either side of the central gangway ... the layout with which we are familiar today” (Baker, p. 57).</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://www.doubledecker-bus.com/2009/11/k-type" target="_blank">http://www.doubledecker-bus.com/2009/11/k-type</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_K-type" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_K-type" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_K-type</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Neither type had pneumatic tyres. In both, the upstairs passengers sat on transverse wooden seats; we could say that they all sat “sideways”. The days when the upstairs passengers sat back-to-back
lengthways on a “knifeboard” arrangement had long gone. The B-type was the first reliable motorised bus; from about 1911 it “helped spell the end for the horse drawn bus”. I suggest, very tentatively, that that word “sideways” is one more post-war ref. in
“Mrs. Dalloway”. The knifeboard arrangement upstairs belongs to the horse-drawn past; see, e.g., this photo. from 1900:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/london-knifeboard-horse-bus-in-trafalgar-square-london-news-photo/3324619" title="http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/london-knifeboard-horse-bus-in-trafalgar-square-london-news-photo/3324619#" target="_blank">http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/london-knifeboard-horse-bus-in-trafalgar-square-london-news-photo/3324619#</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">[Correction below: “London Transport General Company” ought to have read “London General Omnibus Company”.]</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Stuart</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">
<a href="mailto:stuart.n.clarke@btinternet.com" title="stuart.n.clarke@btinternet.com" target="_blank">
Stuart N. Clarke</a> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">Sent:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Tuesday, September 03, 2013 3:08 PM</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">To:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
<a href="mailto:vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu" title="vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu" target="_blank">
vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu</a> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">Subject:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Re: [Vwoolf] Pirate omnibuses</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Yes, the different bus companies had different colours.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">In <i>Moments of Being</i> Virginia remembered her mother, who</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">“did all her immense rounds—shopping, calling, visiting hospitals and work houses—in omnibuses. She was an omnibus expert. She would nip from the red to the blue, from the blue to the yellow, and make them
somehow connect and convey her all over London. Sometimes she would come home very tired, owning that she had missed her bus or the bus had been full up, or she had got beyond the radius of her favourite buses.”</span><br clear="all">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">However, by the 1920s the main co. was the London Transport General Company (the LGOC, or the “General”), and its livery was red, and that’s why London buses are red today.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Stuart</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
<a href="mailto:danelljones@bresnan.net" title="danelljones@bresnan.net" target="_blank">
Danell Jones</a> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">Sent:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Tuesday, September 03, 2013 3:01 PM</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">To:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
<a href="mailto:vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu" title="vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu" target="_blank">
vwoolf@lists.service.ohio-state.edu</a> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">Subject:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Re: [Vwoolf] Pirate omnibuses</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Californian FB","serif"">I LOVE this Stuart!
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I knew there were competing bus companies. Weren't they painted different colors? But I didn't know there were "pirates"!
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Thanks so much for sharing. It helps us see just how daring Elizabeth is.<br>
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Danell<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">On 9/3/2013 7:54 AM, Stuart N. Clarke wrote:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Elizabeth Dalloway gets on an “irregular” ‘bus in Victoria St, nr the Army and Navy Stores:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">“She took a seat on top. The impetuous creature—a pirate—started forward, sprang away; she had to hold the rail to steady herself, for a pirate it was, reckless, unscrupulous, bearing down
ruthlessly, circumventing dangerously, boldly snatching a passenger, or ignoring a passenger, squeezing eel-like and arrogant in between, and then rushing insolently all sails spread up Whitehall.”</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Then into Trafalgar Sq, along the Strand. She gets off at Chancery Lane, just past the Royal Courts of Justice where the Strand becomes Fleet St.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The most famous bus route in London is the no. 11. The savvy (and economical) tourist choses that bus rather than a tour bus, as the no. 11 goes past so many famous sights, inc. St Paul’s,
on its way to Liverpool St Station. The new London bus starts on that route on 21 Sept:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/15493.aspx" title="http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/15493.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/15493.aspx</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">“The very first ‘pirate’ bus to operate in central London began work on route 11 ... on 5 August 1922, and by the end of 1923 there were 70 such operators.”, Michael H. C. Baker, “London
Transport in the 1920s” (Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing, 2009), p. 8.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The no. 11 goes past the Army & Navy Stores.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The ref. to a pirate bus is yet one more post-war ref. in “Mrs. Dalloway”:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">“Some young men, having acquired skills in a war which was described as the first truly mechanical one, bought a war-surplus bus or lorry ... and set up business. A downpayment of £100 was
all that was necessary; the Metropolitan Police had to approve the roadworthiness of the vehicle, but, that done, it could operate wherever its owner chose. ... At the beginning of 1920 the demand for buses far outstripped the number available, and there was
plenty of scope for those who were prepared to take up the challenge. Very few of these enterprises were long lived ...” (“London Transport in the 1920s”, pp. 7-8).</span></p>
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