<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-2"><h2><div class="headline"><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font></div><div class="headline">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><img src="http://www.pnas.org/local/img/nav/headline.png" alt="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" height="17" width="582"></span>
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<h1><a href="http://www.pnas.org/"><img src="http://www.pnas.org/local/img/nav/logo.gif" alt="PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" border="0"></a></h1></div></h2><h2><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4">A new study reveals the secret to Asian academic success—hard work!</font></h2><h2><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4">Abstract</font></h2><p id="p-5"><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4">The superior academic achievement of Asian Americans is a well-documented phenomenon that lacks a widely accepted explanation.
Asian Americans’ advantage in this respect has been attributed to three groups of factors: (<em>i</em>) socio-demographic characteristics, (<em>ii</em>) cognitive ability, and (<em>iii</em>)
academic effort as measured by characteristics such as attentiveness
and work ethic. We combine data from two nationally
representative cohort longitudinal surveys
to compare Asian-American and white students in their educational
trajectories
from kindergarten through high school. We
find that the Asian-American educational advantage is <b>attributable
mainly to Asian
students exerting greater academic effort</b>
and not to advantages in tested cognitive abilities or
socio-demographics. We test
explanations for the Asian–white gap in
academic effort and find that the gap can be further attributed to (<em>i</em>) cultural differences in beliefs regarding the connection between effort and achievement and (<em>ii</em>)
immigration status. Finally, we highlight the potential psychological
and social costs associated with Asian-American achievement
success. </font></p><div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"> </font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><p id="p-5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; ">===========</span></p><div><br></div><p id="p-5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; ">Is it really <b>fair</b> for them to work harder?</span></p><div><br></div><p id="p-5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; ">Will Fitzhugh </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; "> </span></p></div><div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Palatino; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><br><font class="Apple-style-span"><font class="Apple-style-span"><font class="Apple-style-span"><b>“Teach with Examples”</b></font><br></font><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">Will Fitzhugh [founder]</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><i>The Concord Review</i></font><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "> [1987]</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">Ralph Waldo Emerson Prizes [1995]</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">National Writing Board [1998]</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">TCR Institute [2002]</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">730 Boston Post Road, Suite 24</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">Sudbury, Massachusetts 01776-3371 USA</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; ">978-443-0022; 800-331-5007</font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://www.tcr.org/">www.tcr.org</a>; <a href="mailto:fitzhugh@tcr.org">fitzhugh@tcr.org</a></font><br><font class="Apple-style-span"><b>Varsity Academics®</b></font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://tcr.org/bookstore">tcr.org/bookstore</a></font><br><font class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Palatino; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://www.tcr.org/blog">www.tcr.org/blog</a></font></font></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></span>
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