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<span style="font-size:19.5pt;color:#BA0000"><a href="https://ohiograpeweb.cfaes.ohio-state.edu/blog/march-25-2024-1141am/late-march-freeze-and-spring-2024-wooster-vineyard-updates"><span style="color:#BA0000">Late-March Freeze and Spring 2024 Wooster Vineyard
Updates</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style="margin-bottom:.75pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:#666666">Monday, March 25th, 2024<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><em><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#666666">By: Maria Smith and Imed Dami, HCS-OSU</span></em><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">It is no surprise to anyone who has been out in the vineyard pruning, that hydraulic pressurization and sap flow (“<a href="https://grapes.extension.org/grapevine-bleeding/"><span style="color:#005581">bleeding</span></a>”) from
pruning wounds has been seen earlier than normal due to the above average temperatures over March (<strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fig 1, photo</span></strong>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">We monitor the warmth of the growing season by recording the
<a href="https://weather.cfaes.osu.edu/"><span style="color:#005581">growing degree days</span></a> (GDD). Last Friday (22 March 2024), the GDD at Wooster, Unit 2 was 43, which is higher than the historical average and is about two weeks ahead. However, when
we checked the stage of development of the earliest bud breaking varieties, the majority of buds were still at the
<em><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">closed stage</span></em> with some at the
<em><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">wool stage</span></em> (see photos). The cool/cold weather we have experienced in the past few days has helped slow bud growth, which is a good thing. Although the recent weather event had no negative impact
on bud survival, we are still concerned by the potential for early budbreak this season. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">As an annual reminder, we are freeze prone (< 32F) from roughly April through mid-May, with the latest observed freezes occurring through early-May to early-June, depending on region (<strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fig
2</span></strong>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"><img border="0" width="400" height="535" style="width:4.1666in;height:5.5729in" id="Picture_x0020_18" src="cid:image003.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="A map of the united states
Description automatically generated"></span><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="caption"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#666666">Figure 1</span></strong><span style="color:#666666">. Temperature departures from the 30-year average for March 1-March 24, 2024. Temperatures have ranged between 5 to 11F
above average across Ohio during this period.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"><img border="0" width="403" height="534" style="width:4.1979in;height:5.5625in" id="Picture_x0020_17" src="cid:image004.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="Close-up of a tree branch with a green stem
Description automatically generated"></span><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="caption"><span style="color:#666666">Vine “bleeding” from pruning wound. March 13, 2024, Unit 2 Wooster. Photo from Diane Kinney<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"><img border="0" width="436" height="354" style="width:4.5416in;height:3.6875in" id="Picture_x0020_16" src="cid:image005.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="Date of Median Last 32°F Freeze"><img border="0" width="437" height="354" style="width:4.552in;height:3.6875in" id="Picture_x0020_15" src="cid:image006.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="A map of the united states
Description automatically generated"></span><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="caption"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#666666">Figure 2.</span></strong><span style="color:#666666"> Median date of last 32F freeze (top) and latest date of observed 32F freeze (bottom). Figures from
<a href="https://mrcc.purdue.edu"><span style="color:#005581">https://mrcc.purdue.edu</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"><img border="0" width="655" height="369" style="width:6.8229in;height:3.8437in" id="Picture_x0020_14" src="cid:image007.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="A close up of a fence
Description automatically generated"></span><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="caption"><span style="color:#666666">Cabernet franc grapevines grown at the research vineyard in Wooster. Photo taken by Imed Dami on 22 March 2024. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"><img border="0" width="663" height="373" style="width:6.9062in;height:3.8854in" id="Picture_x0020_13" src="cid:image008.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="A close-up of a vineyard
Description automatically generated"></span><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="caption"><span style="color:#666666">Brianna grapevines grown at the research vineyard in Wooster. Photo taken by Imed Dami on 22 March 2024. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"><img border="0" width="661" height="372" style="width:6.8854in;height:3.875in" id="Picture_x0020_12" src="cid:image009.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="A close-up of a tree
Description automatically generated"></span><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="caption"><span style="color:#666666">Itasca grapevines grown at the research vineyard in Wooster. Photo taken by Imed Dami on 22 March 2024. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#666666">Current susceptibility to freeze injury</span></b></em><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">Several growers reached out this week with concerns about potential bud injury due to temperatures reaching near 20F (<strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fig 3</span></strong>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666"> <img border="0" width="480" height="359" style="width:5.0in;height:3.7395in" id="Picture_x0020_11" src="cid:image010.jpg@01DA7EAA.D4797280" alt="A map of the united states
Description automatically generated"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#666666">Figure 3</span></strong><span style="color:#666666">. Minimum low temperatures on 3/21/24. Most regions hit lows in the low-20s, with some areas in the 10s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">Across the Eastern US, buds are undergoing “<em><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">cold deacclimation”</span></em>, which is the transition from maximum winter cold hardiness to a cold-sensitive state. With the recent
cold temperatures last week, there have been concerns that these temperatures may cause damage, even though buds are still dormant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="background-bluegrey"><span style="color:#666666">The cold hardiness, or LT50 (lethal temperature that kills 50% of primary buds), of the cold sensitive vinifera, Sauvignon blanc, was -1.8F on 12 March 2024. Its cold hardiness was -9.9F on 11 January
2024. In the past 10 days, the minimum air temperature at Wooster, Unit 2 was 17.8F (on March 21).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">A <a href="https://grapecoldhardiness.shinyapps.io/grape_freezing_tolerance/?_ga=2.44302822.378514422.1664933625-1102627896.1660254134">
<span style="color:#005581">bud cold hardiness model</span></a> released by Dr. Jason Londo’s lab at Cornell, seeks to provide broader guidance throughout the Eastern US on real-time estimates for bud cold hardiness. This model provides estimated cold hardiness
for several key regional wine and juice grape cultivars. Combined with our own bud DTA cold hardiness measurements in Wooster, we are highly confident that buds should not have experienced injury from this past week’s cold temperatures. However, if you remain
concerned, it is advised to select a few buds to dissect to verify if any injury occurred at your site.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><em><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#666666">Planning for another year of spring frost risk and damage</span></b></em><span style="color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">Given that vineyards will be at risk for dormant and/or green tissue injury for several weeks to come, it is important to be prepared for mitigating and responding to injury. We have experienced some level of spring frost in Ohio
for the past <strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">five years in a row!
</span></strong>Be prepared by reading up on some of our previous posts on <a href="https://ohiograpeweb.cfaes.ohio-state.edu/blog/april-19-2021-500pm/early-budbreak-ohio-%E2%80%93-vines-risk-again-spring-freeze-damage">
<span style="color:#005581">preparing for spring frosts</span></a> and <a href="https://ohiograpeweb.cfaes.ohio-state.edu/blog/may-1-2023-247pm/managing-injured-vines-after-frost-may-2023">
<span style="color:#005581">managing injury</span></a> or obtaining a copy of the
<a href="https://extensionpubs.osu.edu/spring-frost-injury-of-grapevines-and-protection-methods/">
<span style="color:#005581">spring frost bulletin</span></a> from OSU Extension.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#666666">We will be keeping you updated over the next couple of months for the emergence of bud break and any major spring frost events. Although we may not personally enjoy these cold spells, it is helpful for pushing back bud break and
our spring frost risks. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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