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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The following is based on reports I've seen in the past for exp 14.<br>
There are always some good reports but many people have problems.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I’ll start with,
<b>NO</b> group work on reports.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>They must be done individually.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">This includes sharing of Excel files, graphs, etc.<br>
<br>
There seemed to be some problems with sig. fig. in the table (especially<br>
for Ps or ln(Ps)) and <span class="SpellE">s.f.</span> on the axes of the graphs. See my on-line discussion<br>
of <span class="SpellE">s.f.</span> for Ps and for logarithms (and appendix A of the textbook). This was<br>
sent out before the pre-lab but people still make these mistakes.<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/zellmer.1/chem1250/faq/exp14.txt"><b>Exp 14 - Help for Exp 14</b></a><br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/zellmer.1/chem1220/faq/sig_fig_logs.txt"><b>Manipulating Logs and Sig. Figs.</b></a><br>
<br>
<br>
Many people didn't include what should have been included in the<br>
Results/Discussion and Conclusion sections. I pointed out in class some of<br>
what you should be discussing for exp 14 in terms of the delta(Hv) values for<br>
the compounds and attractive forces. I went over this while discussing the<br>
Clausius-Clapeyron <span class="SpellE">Eqn</span> and the graph in the notes. I also explained in some<br>
detail what you should be doing with the graphs, significant figures (especially<br>
for Ps and ln(Ps)) and what should be in the Results/Discussion and Conclusion<br>
sections for this exp. <br>
<br>
In the Discussion section you should include the delta(Hv) values for the<br>
compounds. You should discuss if you got the correct order for the delta(Hv)<br>
values for the <span class="SpellE">cmpds</span> and how you know based on the attractive forces present<br>
between the molecules and what those AF forces are. If you get the wrong order<br>
you should explain what the order should be and how you know based on the<br>
AF present. You can use the <span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> from the CRC to back up your discussion.<br>
However, the <span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> data should not be used as your primary line of reasoning.<br>
You can find the on-line CRC link on Carmen ("Content" tab) or my web<br>
pages (although, as pointed out in a previous e-mail, it’s not working so I sent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">the normal <span class="SpellE">
b.p.</span> data in the e-mail),<br>
<br>
<a href="http://hbcpnetbase.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu"><b>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</b></a><br>
<br>
You don't need to formally source this data if it comes from the CRC (just mention<br>
it's from the CRC). If you use any other source you will need to have a more<br>
extensive reference in your report. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">You are required to discuss all of the data recorded and not just their own.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>You're<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">suppose to be doing the calculations and graphing for all the data. Then you are<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">discussing whether all the del(Hv) values are reasonable both in terms of their<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">size for del(Hv)s (based on the book, lab manual and lecture) and relative to each<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">other and the attractive forces present. The points of interest state to discuss the<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">del(Hv)values and <span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> data.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"><br>
<br>
For the graph, do a "scatter" graph with points only (no connecting lines). Then<br>
do a trend line (linear). You don't want to play "connect the dots" with the data.<br>
Print the equation for each line (and R^2). See my example for exp 14 and the<br>
what the graph should look like (it should have 7 data points).<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/zellmer.1/chem1250/lab/exp14.pdf"><b>Using MS EXCEL for Chem Lab - exp. 14 example (Vapor Pressure exp. - old exp 13)</b></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/zellmer.1/chem1250/lab/exp14_final_graphA.pdf"><b>Exp 14 (<span class="SpellE">dHv</span>) - Example Graph for Compounds</b></a><br>
<br>
Many of the graphs have had problems with spacing. The graphs did not take<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">up the whole page or the points didn't occupy most of the space on the page.<br>
Some didn't have the boiling points included on the graphs or labeled. The<br>
boiling points should be included in the data set and labeled on the graph.<br>
Some did have the <span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> but did not include them in the best-fit line and did not<br>
label them. The boiling points are your best data points, particularly the normal<br>
<span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> from the CRC manual (that's your best point). Don't include your exp.<br>
<span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> in the fit if it's way off from where it should be but still include it on the<br>
graph. This also applies to other “bad” data points. They should be included<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">on the graph but not when doing the best-fit line. This is a little tricker since to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">leave a point out of the best-fit line you have to plot it as a separate data set.<br>
<br>
Many people did not include inherent errors. I believe I explained in lecture<br>
at some point and my web page and e-mails what this means. These are errors<br>
due to the way the experiment is being carried out which you have minimal to<br>
no control over. For instance, for exp 6 (coffee-cup calorimeter) the most<br>
obvious inherent error would be, it was a simple coffee cup. While it really<br>
didn't do a terrible job, it wasn't a "perfect" calorimeter and heat could get in<br>
or out, especially via the lid. Another one would be the fact the thermometer<br>
could only be read to the first decimal place. For most parts that limited the<br>
delta T to 2 (maybe 3) <span class="SpellE">s.f.</span> That ultimately limited the sig. figs. in the heat<br>
capacity for the calorimeter and the enthalpies for the reactions. Not swirling<br>
the solution in the cup to equilibrate the temperature throughout the solution<br>
would not be an inherent error. That's your mistake. Splashing water out of<br>
the cup when you dropped in the copper cylinders is not an inherent error<br>
(again this is your error). This doesn't mean "human" error can not be<br>
considered inherent error. It depends on the experiment. Matching colors<br>
for a result has a human element to it but it could be considered an inherent<br>
error depending on how it's done and what it's used for.<br>
<br>
Make sure you look at the "<b>Points to Consider</b>" section in the manual (at the<br>
end of the write-up for the experiment in the manual). These give some idea of<br>
things to consider and discuss. It is not all inclusive and there may be other things<br>
you need to address. You should ALWAYS address whether your results are<br>
correct or reasonable (since you don't always know if they're correct) and support<br>
your analysis with data, your results and information from the book, lab manual<br>
and lecture. This should be in paragraph form, not in “question and answer” form.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">You should also discuss if the
<span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> data looks correct in relation to the <br>
5 <span class="SpellE">lnP</span>-(1/T) data points and with respect to each other. Is your exp
<span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> <br>
higher or lower than the normal <span class="SpellE">b.p.</span> from the CRC? Which way should
<br>
it be based on the barometric pressure in the lab that was recorded. <br>
<br>
You're not being graded on correctness for anything. You're being graded <br>
on your Discussion in terms of the things I mentioned in lecture and the <br>
Points to Consider in the manual.<br>
<br>
This is not all inclusive of the problems I saw but some of the main<br>
ones (many of the same errors repeated by multiple students over<br>
multiple years).<br>
<br>
Dr. Zellmer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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