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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I always get a lot of questions about exp 1 and the report. I apologize to anyone<br>
who's already completed or almost completed the report for exp 1. Here's what<br>
you should be doing for the report sheet, sample calc., discussion, etc. <br>
<br>
1) In exp 1 several types of glassware are used to measure volumes and masses<br>
of water delivered to determine an experimental density. These exp values<br>
are then compared to the actual density in order to determine which type of<br>
glassware is the most accurate and with which you could be the most precise.<br>
You will also be calculating the error and % error.<br>
<br>
2) For the procedure section it's usually just a reference to the lab manual (see<br>
our examples) and any changes which were made (the TA may tell you of<br>
changes which need to be made). <br>
<br>
3) For the data on the report sheet: <br>
<br>
a) line 1: Average water temp. (page 15)<br>
<br>
If you were taking data in lab you would have taken the temp<br>
before using each piece of glassware and averaging those four<br>
temps. Remember, temperature affects volumes and thus affects<br>
the density. You can see how much a 10 <span class="SpellE">degC</span> difference makes<br>
in the density by calculating it using the eqn. (1) for 20 C and 30
<span class="SpellE">degC</span>.<br>
<br>
b) line 2: Accepted (actual) density (page 15)<br>
<br>
Use <span class="SpellE">eqn</span> (1) on page 11 & footnote in the data table to calc. the<br>
accepted density at your temp. This is an <span class="SpellE">eqn</span> for a straight line<br>
relating density to temp. This eqn. is for the density of H2O between<br>
20 and 30 <span class="SpellE">degC</span>. <br>
<br>
Make sure you have the correct # of sig. fig. This can be tricky with<br>
this eqn.<br>
<br>
Show the calc. for this in the sample calc. <br>
<br>
c) Data table: <br>
<br>
Do the calculations and make sure your sig. fig. are correct. <br>
<br>
You only have to show a sample calc. for the measured density, average density<br>
error and % error for one line for one piece of glassware. You don't need to do it<br>
for every single line for every piece of glassware. See item # 8 below.<br>
<br>
For the errors and % errors, report them using the proper sign. For the average<br>
<b>error</b> and <b>% error </b>use the <b>absolute value</b>s of the errors and % errors.
<br>
<br>
The report sheet or report form is the "Data" in my report example outline on<br>
the class web page. <b>Use the Excel template</b> for the report sheet on page 15
<br>
(you can find this on Carmen in the module for exp 1). Fill it in with your data
<br>
and program the proper <span class="SpellE">eqns</span> into the cells and let Excel do the calculations for<br>
you (you still have to show sample calcs). Then include this Excel sheet as the<br>
report sheet in your report (Word doc). You can certainly do all calculations by<br>
hand and put them in the provided Excel sheet or you can create one in Excel or<br>
Word. Even if you don't know how to use Excel, the time spent now to learn<br>
how to have it do calc and graphs will save you a lot of time in the long run.<br>
<br>
You always must make sure you have the correct sig. fig., even when using<br>
Excel. It won't let you set sig. fig. but you can set decimal places to get the<br>
correct sig. figs. I explain how to do this at the following link:<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/zellmer.1/excel/excel.txt"><b>Using Excel for Calculations and Graphs</b></a><br>
<br>
You can find this link at the following link:<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/zellmer.1/excel/excel.htm"><b>Using MS Excel for Reports</b></a><br>
<br>
4) Graphs <br>
<br>
You must use Excel for graphs. You should not do any "hand-graphing"<br>
on a piece of graph paper and scan it for the report. Do the graphs in<br>
Excel and transfer to your Word doc. <b>Do <span style="color:red">NOT</span> take pictures or scans of<br>
the graphs (or tables) and add to them to your Word doc.</b><br>
<br>
You should set the <b>margins </b>for your graphs to <b><span style="color:red">zero</span>
</b>in Excel and you<br>
want them to stay that way when you import the graphs into your Word<br>
document. One would think Word would do that automatically but it<br>
doesn't, instead resetting the margins to agree with those set in Word.<br>
You don't want it to do this and then simply drag the graph to expand<br>
it's size since it can distort things. You'll find another link at the link<br>
above explaining how to change the margins and page orientation on a<br>
page in Word when importing another file into a Word document<br>
(e.g. importing a graph or table from Excel) so the margins correspond<br>
to what's in the imported file. <br>
<br>
You should have <span style="color:red">4 graphs</span>, one for each piece of glassware. Make
<br>
sure your graphs look correct. They should take up pretty much the<br>
entire page (0" margins) and the points should take up most of the space<br>
on the graph (very little empty space). <b><span style="color:red">Always, one graph per page,<br>
taking up the whole page.</span></b><br>
<br>
Your axes should reflect the accuracy of the measuring device. For example,<br>
for the <span class="SpellE">buret</span> since you should record the volume to 2 decimal places your<br>
x-axis (volume) should show 2 decimal places for the labels. <br>
<br>
You do NOT need a legend on any of these graphs since there's only one<br>
set of data per graph so delete the legend so your graph can take up more<br>
space on the page. Your title should include the piece of glassware being<br>
used, but just having "<span class="SpellE">Buret</span>" or "Mass vs. Volume" is not an adequate title.<br>
Pretend like your TA doesn't know anything about the exp. Thus, your title<br>
should be fairly informative. <br>
<br>
When using Excel have it print the <span class="SpellE">eqn</span> and R^2. The slope, intercept and<br>
R^2 tell you something. Make sure your slope and intercept printed on<br>
the graph have enough digits to show differences between the glassware<br>
and you report them to the correct # sig. fig. in your report.<br>
<br>
Look at my examples of good graphs. The 2nd one is the better example<br>
since I needed some room on the first one for some extra things at the top<br>
and bottom.<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/zellmer.1/sample_graphs.pdf"><b>Sample Graphs</b></a><br>
<br>
a) Sample calc. <br>
<br>
Even when using Excel you need to show a sample calc for the slope<br>
Use pts from the line. Don't use your data pts for this. The pts on the<br>
best-fit line are better than your data pts. Mark the points on the line<br>
you use for the sample calc. There's a way to put symbols, text and<br>
shapes on a graph. Go to "Insert" to see how. You don't need a ton of<br>
grid lines, just major grid lines and a few minor grid lines. While we<br>
want a sample calculation, the slope generated by your sample calc.<br>
will not be used further. In your results and discussion section use the<br>
slope and intercept generated by Excel.<br>
<br>
You only have to do this sample calc for one of the graphs (not all four).
<br>
<br>
5) There is no Discussion or Conclusion section. Instead there are Report Questions.<br>
Answer the report questions on pages 16-17 using the <b>template for these you can<br>
get from Carmen (SCM module)</b>. It is a Word document. This way you don't have<br>
to type the questions. Include this in your Word document for the report.<br>
<br>
For this exp. you will answer questions based on results from the table and graphs.<br>
Which piece of glassware gave the smallest % error, which gave the largest? Were all the
<br>
% errors for a single piece of glassware really close to each other or not so much?<br>
What does this imply about precision and accuracy? Think about it based on sig. fig.<br>
Does the # of <span class="SpellE">s.f.</span> seem to effect your answers and what you think? Do they make sense?<br>
Were they all errors positive or all negative? What might it mean if they are?<br>
<br>
<b>Report the slope, intercept and R^2 from all 4 graphs (pieces of glassware) in<br>
question 5f. Think of the slope as being your average density for each piece of<br>
glassware</b>. <br>
<br>
You will answer questions related to the graphs. What does the slope indicate<br>
(m = D*v + b)? What does the R^2 indicate about your data? Remember, this<br>
is the "correlation <span class="SpellE">coeff</span>" and the closer it is to "1" the better the fit (the closer<br>
your points are to the line). How about the intercept? What should it be? What<br>
is your intercept? What does your intercept mean if it's not the accepted intercept?<br>
Think about what would happen to your <span class="SpellE">eqn</span> if the balance had been miss-calibrated<br>
and was consistently reading a little too high? Would that affect the slope or intercept<br>
or both? Would it affect the R^2? What if you weren't reading the volume correctly,<br>
i.e. you didn't look straight on but at an angle but you made the same mistake each<br>
time so your volume was incorrect by a certain specific amount due to this? Again,
<br>
would that effect the slope, intercept or R^2 or all of them. <br>
<br>
How does the density calculated from the data points in your table agree with the<br>
density from the graph? Which makes more sense?<br>
<br>
There's questions about uncertainty (precision) and accuracy. Again, I've said<br>
uncertainty rather than precision. Precision is how close repeated measurements<br>
are to each other. You should have used volumes around 5, 10, 15 and 20 mL (20,<br>
25, 30, 35 for the beaker). You weren't repeating anything. You need to look at<br>
how close the densities are to each other. However, there is still a relationship<br>
to precision since the more careful you were measuring your volumes the closer<br>
your densities will be. In terms of precision look at your measured densities.<br>
How do your graphs show precision and accuracy?<br>
<br>
For example, the mass from a top loading balance can be reported out to 2<br>
decimal places (e.g. 10.26 g). It has an inherent uncertainty of + or - 0.01 g. If<br>
you are really careful when taking repeated mass measurements your precision for
<br>
your masses should be + or - 0.01 g (within the uncertainty of the instrument).
<br>
You couldn't get more precise than that. What on the graphs indicate your<br>
precision and accuracy?<br>
<br>
Discuss sources of error and how they might affect your results. Does the sig.<br>
fig. (accuracy) of the balance cause any error? How about each piece of glassware?<br>
If you have a bad data point on the graph you don't have to include it in your best-fit<br>
line (a little harder to do in Excel than by hand). While there's not discussion, if you<br>
have a bad data point you didn't include in the best-fit line you should include a short<br>
discussion of the fact it was left out of the fit and why. <br>
<br>
When you answer the question about error think about what types of error may<br>
occur. You need to understand the difference between inherent sources of error<br>
and human error. Inherent error is error which you have little control over due to<br>
the equipment being used or the way we had you do the exp. This is not "I spilled<br>
some water outside the beaker". That's an "oops, I better do this over" moment. It's<br>
also not something like "there's errors in all equipment and chemicals used". That's<br>
a cop out. You should be specific about the error, how it would affect your final<br>
results, how could it be fixed. You will be asked to address inherent errors for<br>
every exp.<br>
<br>
Think about what you might have done in the lab. What errors might be introduced<br>
if you added the water a little at a time to get the totals? For instance, to get<br>
10 mL from the <span class="SpellE">buret</span> you could add 5 mL twice or start over and add 10 mL<br>
once. Which would be better? Would it make a difference? Which way did<br>
you do it? This may be something associated with the instrument (as in the # of<br>
<span class="SpellE">s.f.</span> you can get from the instrument) but only if it affects the accuracy (<span class="SpellE">s.f.</span>) in<br>
your final results. For instance, if you used the analytical balance for all the masses<br>
(as you should have) does it affect your <span class="SpellE">s.f.</span> for any or all of the measured densities?<br>
How about the <span class="SpellE">s.f.</span> for the volumes?<br>
<br>
7) Conclusion <br>
<br>
There's NO conclusion section for this exp. and the next several <span class="SpellE">
exps</span>.<br>
The first exp for which there's a Conclusion section is exp 14. Just so<br>
you know what this is at this point it's explained below and in my report<br>
outline and the other documents about the reports in the manual and my<br>
web pages.<br>
<br>
This is 5-7 sentences (depends on the exp) in which you come up with <br>
what you can conclude from this exp. Essentially answer the purpose. <br>
Think of this as a summary of the exp. and the results in sentence form,<br>
essentially a summary of your Discussion section.<br>
<br>
8) Summary of sample calc. (as shown on grading rubric). <br>
<br>
Use the <span class="SpellE"><b>buret</b></span><b> data</b> for the sample calculations below, including for the slope calc.<br>
for the graph in (f) below.<br>
<br>
a) calc for the accepted density of water (<span class="SpellE">eqn</span> 1 on page 11 ).<br>
<br>
b) calc. for measured density for one piece of glassware for one mass-volume pair<br>
<br>
c) calc. for error for one piece of glassware for one mass-volume pair <br>
<br>
d) calc. for % error for one piece of glassware for one mass-volume pair <br>
<br>
e) calc of average for measured density for one piece of glassware<br>
<br>
f) sample calc for slope from a graph (just using one of the four graphs): <br>
<br>
1) slope calc using points from the best-fit line from one of your graphs<br>
<br>
You only have to show a single sample calc for this for the graphs. You
<br>
need to report slope and intercept for each of the 4 graphs. This is <br>
one reason to use Excel. Excel will give better results than you can likely<br>
get by doing it by hand. You do a hand calculation for the slope using points<br>
from the line as your sample calculation but use the Excel generated slope<br>
to answer report questions.<br>
<br>
I hope I haven't left anything out and I hope this helps. I also hope I've updated all<br>
the page numbers and links. Again, if you find references I've made which don't<br>
seem to coincide with the manual or broken links on my web pages let me know.<br>
<br>
Dr. Zellmer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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